Charles Sidney Spencer is Curator of Mexican and Central American Archaeology in the Division of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. "Dr. Spencer is an internationally renowned anthropological archaeologist specializing in the origins of hierarchical societies and the rise of the first political states in Mesoamerica, where he has been conducting fieldwork for more than 25 years. His focus is the Oaxaca Valley and surrounding regions, a mountainous part of southern Mexico that is home to the Zapotec people. He is also widely recognized as a leader in the application of evolutionary theory and socio-political concepts to the study of prehistoric cultural change and has formulated a mathematical model of pristine state formation." Dr. Spencer completed his graduate training at the University of Michigan, where he received his Ph.D. in Anthropology in 1981. His dissertation, "The Cuicatl�n Ca�ada and Monte Alb�n: Interregional Processes and Primary State Formation in Central Oaxaca," was published by Academic Press in 1982. He has over 110 publications to date, including books, chapters, and articles. 

June 12th, 1950 in (Age 73)